Costs / Economics
of patent acquisition,
litigation and licensing
www.patenting-art.com/economic/economic.htm
Gregory Aharonian
August 2003
Patents can cost tens of thousands of dollars to acquire; patent
litigation can cost millions of dollars; and patent licensing could
earn companies hundreds of millions of dollars a year. Over half a
billion dollars a year is spent on patent applications, and licensing
revenues are in the tens of billions of dollars. In many cases, the
economics of patenting is a more important
consideration than the legal aspects. We have prepared a table of
patent infringement monetary awards and patent
license fees.
COSTS - PATENT ACQUISITION/LITIGATION
-
US PTO Fee schedule,
UKPO Fee schedule, and
EPO Fee schedule.
- Salary tables for US patent examiners, circa 1998
- IRS Internal Revenue Code - patent aspects
- ruling - Polaroid Corp v. Eastman Kodak -
CAFC decision explaining in great detail how to calculate patent infringement
royalties and penalties,
followed by a slight correction
- Lawyer/PTO costs for
getting a patent - a review of the various lawyer and PTO fees for
the patent process - searching, applications, filings, office actions,
issuance and maintenance fees - figures from the firm Brown & Michaels.
The law firm of Foley and Lardner provides information on the
content and cost of a typical U.S. patent application.
More advice on the costs of patents can be found in
"Strategies to defer costs of patenting - use provisionals, PCT applications"
by R. Lewis Gable of Cowan Liebowitz Latman.
Two other sites, with limited hourly rates
cost data, and with
limited cost data and a description of the services. For filing
overseas, some advice from Alston and Bird titled:
Protecting patents
abroad - how to enforce your rights overseas without going broke by
James Forstner
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ECONOMICS - PATENT LITIGATION/LICENSING
We have prepared a table of
patent infringement monetary awards and
patent license fees.
ECONOMICS OF IP - ARTICLES, PAPERS, REPORTS
2003
- report - 2003 Intellectual Property Roadmap - International Chamber of Commerce, May 2003
- speech - Market economies and the rules of law - Fed chair Alan Greenspan, with comments on intellectual property, Apr 2003
- speech - Patent policy in a broader context - Fed vicechair Roger Ferguson, Apr 2003
- article - Will patents kill IT innovation? - Newsfactor Network, Apr 2003
- article - Patent licensing under fire: court rules Microsoft can't sublicense patents - eWeek, Mar 2003
- paper -
Issuing bonds using future artistic royalties as security
- report - Patent Litigation Insurance - EU Internal Market study
- paper - Universities, Joint Ventures, and Success in the Advanced Technology Program by Michael R. Darby, Lynne G. Zucker and Andrew Wang - NBER Paper Jan 2003
- paper - Is Japan's Innovative Capacity in Decline? by Lee Branstetter and Yoshiaki Nakamura - NBER Paper Jan 2003
- paper - R&D and the Patent Premium by Ashish Arora, Marco Ceccagnoli and Wesley M. Cohen - NBER Paper Jan 2003
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2002
- report - NIH Patent Royalties - 1994-2002 - NIH Technology Transfer Office
- paper - on the
tax treatment of faculty royalties, by the National Association of
College and University Attorneys, Dec. 2002
- report -
"Patents, pills and public health: Can TRIPS deliver?"
- The Panos Institute, Dec. 2002
- article -
"Protecting venture investments against patent litigation"
by John Egan III and Raphael Lupo of McDermmott Will Emery
- article - Patenting the process - who owns methods of E-commerce? - Dec. article in
Information Week
- article - "Pushing patents: tech firms stress R&D during the downtown" - by Benjamin Pimentel of San Francisco Chronicle, 18 Nov 2002
- article -
"Security interests in unregistered copyrights governed by Uniform Commercial
Code, not Copyright Act" - Mitchel Appelbaum, Hale Dorr, Nov. 2002
- report -
"Promoting good ideas on drugs: are patents the best way? The relative
efficiency of patent and public support for biomedical research."
by Dean Baker and Noriko Chatani, Oct. 2002
- article - Patent troubles pending - small e-commerce companies being sued -
Oct. article in Information Week
- paper - "Product innovation with parallel imports"
by Thitima Puttitanun, Univ.Colorado - Boulder, Oct 2002
- report -
"Managing Intellectual Property: a guide to strategic decision-making in
universities - UK Patent Office, Sep 2002
- article - LG lowers barrier for employee patent filings EETimes, Sep 2002
- paper - Japanese disagreement with 'American standard' for patent infringement by Prof. Hiroshi Konno.
Rebuttal from U.S. embassy
- article - Forgent claims rights to JPEG patent - Extreme Tech, Jul 2002
- paper - How to protect business methods in Russia - from the law firm Smith Lyons, Jul 2002
- article -
"Maximizing business by maximizing your patent term - importance of patent
term adjustment"
by John Isacson of Heller Ehrman, Jun 2002
- article - Audit IP to maximize protection by Marc Brown of
McDermott, Will & Emery
- paper - "Intellectual property rights and innovation in developing
countries"
by Yongmin Chen & Thitima Puttitanun, Univ.Colorado - Boulder, May 2002
- paper -
"Patent misuse through the capture of industry standards"
by Janice Mueller, Spring 2002
- report - "Intellectual property as a foundation for funding" - and other IP
papers from the law firm Shaw Pittman
- slides -
"Selected legal aspects of digital and broadband distribution of content
in the United States from Arent Fox law firm
- paper -
"Perfecting security interests in unregistered copyrights"
by Baila Celedonia of Cowan Liebowitz Latman
- report -
"Does an offer to sell an infringing product give rise to a duty to defend
under a Commerical General Liability policy?"
by William Hemsworth III, Spring 2002
- article - "Japanese e-business and internet
patents: a comparative view in the context of patent enforcement" by Hal
Wegner of Foley Lardner, March 2002
- article - How software patents can support COTS component business - IEEE Software magazine, March 2002
- paper -
"Intellectual property in secured transactions"
by Baila Celedonia of Cowan Liebowitz Latman, Feb. 2002
- article -
"Patent litigation before the US International Trade Commission - the
patent holder's perspective" by Stewart Brown of Gray Cary, Jan. 2002
- paper - Conducting an intellectual property audit and IP due diligence - from the law firm Smith Lyons, Jan 2002
- article - Protecting softwar and busines methods around the world - Robert Green and Charles Halloran, Christie Parker Hale, 2002
- report - "A survey of investor attitudes on IP protection" - from the Howrey Simon law firm
- paper - The Dual Effects of Intellectual Property Regulations: Within- and Between- Patent Competition in the US Pharmaceuticals Industry by Frank R. Lichtenberg and Tomas J. Philipson - NBER Paper Nov 2002
- paper - "Napsterizing" Pharmaceuticals: Access, Innovation, and Consumer Welfare by James W. Hughes, Michael J. Moore and Edward A. Snyder - NBER Paper Sep 2002
- paper - Efficient Patent Pools by Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole - NBER Paper Sep 2002
- paper - The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Treaties by Suzanne Scotchmer - NBER Paper Aug 2002
- paper - Intellectual Property, Antitrust and Strategic Behavior by Dennis W. Carlton and Robert H. Gertner - NBER Paper Jun 2002
- paper - Intermediaries in the U.S. Market for Technology, 1870-1920 by Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Kenneth L. Sokoloff - NBER Paper Jun 2002
- paper - Are All Patent Examiners Equal? The Impact of Examiner Characteristics by Iain M. Cockburn, Samuel Kortum and Scott Stern - NBER Paper Jun 2002
- paper - Patent Protection and Innovation Over 150 Years by Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Jun 2002
- article - Web patents: still not a good idea - eWeek, Apr 2002
- paper - Innovating Firms and Aggregate Innovation by Tor Jakob Klette and Samuel Kortum - NBER Paper Feb 2002
- paper - Post-Issue Patent "Quality Control": A Comparative Study of US Patent Re-examinations and European Patent Oppositions by Stuart J. H. Graham, Bronwyn H. Hall, Dietmar Harhoff and David C. Mowery - NBER Paper Feb 2002
- paper - International Protection of Intellectual Property by Gene Grossman and Edwin L.-C. Lai - NBER Paper Jan 2002
- paper -
Charitable Gifts of Intellectural Property from the Minneapolis Foundation
- 2002
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2001
- article -
"Is the transfer of software a license or a sale?"
- Jorge Contreras, Hale Dorr, Dec. 2001
- report - Patentability of business methods at the European Patent Office - Dec 2001
- article - Who owns my disease? Patents on human genes - Mother Jones, Nov/Dec 2001
- article - Open-source business method approach fades in tough times - CNET News, Nov 2001
- article - Intellectual Property is not a Toy" - Oct. 2001 article on how Lego did not prosecute, and had bigger sales, when hackers cracked the operating
system to Lego's Mindstorm robotics kit
- article - Patents, royalties and the future of the Web - XML magazine, Oct. 2001
- article - Patenting business methods: United States, Europe and Singapore - by Chua Siak Kim, Oct 2001
- article - XML patent wars: the W3C strikes back - XML magazine, Oct 2001
- article -
"Induced patent infringement: new use of an old doctrine to block generic
competitions" - by James Czaban and Patricia Thayer, Heller Ehrman,
Fall 2001
- article -
"Financing of intellectual property under Revised UCC Article 9" -
by Steven Weise of Heller Ehrman, Aug. 2001
- article - Patentability, industry structure and innovation - Robert Hunt, Federal Reserve Bank Philadelphia, Aug 2001
- paper - Litigation and settlement in patent infringement cases - Claude Crampes and Corinne Laninier, Iowa State, July 2001
- paper - Ten rules for drafting IP licensing agreements in Russia - from the law firm Smith Lyons, Jul 2001
- article - Software and business method patents are no different - International Chamber of Commerce, Jul 2001
- article - TiVo shares soar 70% on patent win - Industry Standard, May 2001
- article - Software developers haunted by patent mess - Industry Standard, Apr 2001
- article - Software click-wrap agreements: you may get more than you bargained for when you hit the accept button - New Architect, Apr 2001
- article - On the record: toward a union label, a new musician's guild - Courtney Love, The Nation, Apr 2001
- paper -
"A patent [licensing] policy for global diseases" - by Jean Lanjouw of
Yale University, Apr 2001
- article - Are patents on computer programs and business method good for the economy? - Robert Hunt, Federal Reserve Bank Philadelphia, Mar 2001
- article -
"Perfection of security interests in intellectual property" -
by Baila Celedonia of Cowan Leibowitz Latman, Mar 2001
- article - CMGI's patent problem - Business 2.0, Feb 2001
- article - Intellectual piracy and business method patents - CIO magazine, Feb 2001
- abstract - "Enforcing small firm's patent rights (in Europe)" - European Union report
- article - The threat of digital intellectual property theft - U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, Jan 2001
- paper - Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights by Jean Olson Lanjouw and Mark Schankerman - NBER Paper Dec 2001
- paper - The Geographic Reach of Market and Non-Market Channels of Technology Transfer: Comparing Citations and Licenses of University Patents by David C. Mowery and Arvids A. Ziedonis - NBER Paper Oct 2001
- paper - Patent Citations and International Knowledge Flow: The Cases of Korea and Taiwan by Albert G.Z. Hu and Adam B. Jaffe - NBER Paper Oct 2001
- paper - The NBER Patent Citation Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools by Bronwyn H. Hall, Adam B. Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Oct 2001
- paper - Pharmaceutical Prices and Political Activity by Sara Fisher Ellison and Catherine Wolfram - NBER Paper Sep 2001
- paper - Out of the Closet: The Impact of the American Inventors Protection Act on the Timing of Patent Disclosure by Daniel K.N. Johnson and David Popp - NBER Paper Jul 2001
- paper - Induced Innovation and Energy Prices by David Popp - NBER Paper May 2001
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2000
- article - The great patent giveaway - Industry Standard, Dec 2000
- paper - 'First Mover Monopoly' advantage of business method patents in Europe - Nov 2000
- paper - "IP protection, internalization and technology transfer"
by Michael Nicholson, Univ.Colorado - Boulder, Oct. 2000
- article - E-businesses take eye off ball with patent tactics Internetweek, Oct 2000
- article - Companies are patenting e-business methods by the cartload, so be wary - Intelligent Enterprise magazine, Oct 2000
- article - "Avoiding the patent litigation money pit" by Richard Florsheim of Foley Lardner, Sep 2000
- paper - Licensing patents in Russia - from the law firm Smith Lyons,
Jul 2001
- article -
A patent war afoot? Kingpins of e-commerce ready for battle. -
Alternet, Apr 2000
- article -
E-commerce patent wars must end - eCommerceTimes, Mar 2000
- article -
"Now researchers can increase the commercial value of their academic
technology to potential licensees"
- Heller Ehrman law firm, Mar 2000
- article -
"Corporations and IP audits: what are they and when should a company conduct
one?" - by Baila Celedonia of Cowan Leibowitz Latman
- paper - R&D Policy in Israel: An Overview and Reassessment by Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Oct 2000
- paper - Where Does State Street Lead? A First Look at Finance Patents, 1971-2000 by Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Sep 2000
- paper - Inventors and Pirates: Creative Activity and Intellectual Property Rights by Herschel I. Grossman - NBER Paper Sep 2000
- paper - Measuring the "Ideas" Production Function: Evidence from International Patent Output by Michael E. Porter and Scott Stern - NBER Paper Sep 2000
- paper - The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity by Scott Stern, Michael E. Porter and Jeffrey L. Furman - NBER Paper Sep 2000
- paper - Market Value and Patent Citations: A First Look by Bronwyn H. Hall, Adam B. Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Jun 2000
- paper - Who is Selling the Ivory Tower? Sources of Growth in University Licensing by Jerry G. Thursby and Marie C. Thursby - NBER Paper May 2000
- article - Patently Absurd by Philip Ross, Forbes magazine, 29 May 2000
- paper - The Meaning of Patent Citations: Report on the NBER/Case-Western Reserve Survey of Patentees by Adam B. Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg and Michael S. Fogarty - NBER Paper Apr 2000
- paper - Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not) by Wesley M. Cohen, Richard R. Nelson and John P. Walsh - NBER Paper Feb 2000
- paper - Patents Matter?: Empirical Evidence after GATT by Jean O. Lanjouw and Iain Cockburn - NBER Paper Jan 2000
- paper - Endogenous R&D: Spillovers and Industrial Research Productivity by James D. Adams - NBER Paper Jan 2000
- paper - 150 Years of Patent Protection by Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Jan 2000
- paper - 150 Years of Patent Office Practice by Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Jan 2000
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1999
- paper -
"As many as six impossible patents before breakfast: property rights for
business concepts and patent system reform" by Robert Merges of the
UCal-Berkeley School of Law
- article - Top 10 reasons to shutter the WTO - Mother Jones magazine, Nov 1999
- "Strategic dimension of intellectual property rights in the context
of technology policy" - European Union commission -
paper or
seminar report, Oct 1999.
- report - U.S. international services: cross border trade in 1998 includes licensing and
royalty figures, U.S. Dept. of Commerce Bureau of Economic Affairs, Oct 1999
- paper - Internet business methods: what roles does and should patent law play?" - Fall 1999
- paper - Business methods without computers: the new patent landscape by Victor Flores, Fall 1999
- article - Nonobviousness and the incentive to innovate: an economic analysis of intellectual property reform - Robert Hunt, Federal Reserve Bank Philadelphia, Mar 1999
- paper - The Quality of Ideas: Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators by Jean O. Lanjouw and Mark Schankerman - NBER Paper Sep 1999
- paper - The U.S. Patent System in Transition: Policy Innovation and the Innovation Process by Adam B. Jaffe - NBER Paper Aug 1999
- paper - Public-Private Interaction and the Productivity of Pharmaceutical Research by Iain Cockburn and Rebecca Henderson - NBER Paper Jun 1999
- paper - Inventive Activity and the Market for Technology in the United States, 1840-1920 by Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Kenneth L. Sokoloff - NBER Paper May 1999
- paper - Innovation Fertility and Patent Design by Hugo A. Hopenhayn and Matthew F. Mitchell - NBER Paper Apr 1999
- paper - Legal Monopoly: Patents and Antitrust Litigation in U.S. Manufacturing, 1970-1998 by B. Zorina Kha - NBER Paper Apr 1999
- paper - Do Stronger Patents Induce More Innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese Patent Law Reforms by Mariko Sakakibara and Lee Branstetter - NBER Paper Apr 1999
- paper - Privatizing R&D Patent Policy and the Commercialization of National Laboratory Technologies by Adam B. Jaffe and Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Apr 1999
- paper - The Patent Paradox Revisited: Determinants of Patenting in the US Semiconductor Industry, 1980-94 by Bronwyn H. Hall and Rose Marie Ham - NBER Paper Mar 1999
- paper - Innovation in Israel 1968-97: A Comparative Analysis Using Patent Data by Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Mar 1999
- paper - Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting 1965-1988 by Rebecca Henderson, Adam Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Mar 1999
- paper - Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting 1965-1988 by Rebecca Henderson, Adam Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Mar 1999
- paper - Rewards versus Intellectual Property Rights by Steven Shavell and Tanguy van Ypersele - NBER Paper Feb 1999
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1998
- National Patent Board - proposal for a
national patent arbitration board
- statistics - US Customs Service seizures of imported products for FY1997-2001
- paper - "Impacts of the Japanese patent system on productivity growth" by
Keith Maskus and Christine McDaniel of the UCBoulder Dept. of Economics, Dec.
1998
- study -
"R&D partnerships and intellectual property: implications for US policy"
by Wendy Schacht of the Congressional Research Service
- paper -
"Licensing in the presence of competing technologies" by Andrea Fosfuri
and Ashish Arora of Carnegie Mellon University
- article - Patent Office wrestles with e-commerce patents - Industry Standard, Aug 1998
- paper -
"Intellectual property rights and licensing: an econometric analysis"
by Guifang Yeng and Keith Maskus of the UCBoulder Dept. of Economics
- paper -
"Competition policy and intellectual property rights" - 480 page study
from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
- paper -
"Legal features of the Japanese patent system and impacts on technology"
by Christine McDaniel of the UCBoulder Dept. of Economics
- paper -
"Intellectual property and economic development: opportunities for China in
the information age" by Pamela Samuelson of Univ. California - Berkeley
- paper -
"Recent developments in IP litigation in Japan" by John Pegram of Fish
and Richardson
- article - Patent pending: consumer-driven science and the new eugenics - Jeremy Rifkin, Mother Jones magazine, May 1998
- paper -
"Auditing and maintaining the intellectual property assets of your company"
from Fish and Richardson
- paper -
"Intellectual property rights in the United States for Taiwanese companies
in the 21st century" by Alan Kasper of Sughrue Mion Zinn Macpeak & Seas
- article - "Growing ranks of litigants are putting price tages on ideas" by
Randy Myers in CFO Magazine, March 1998
- paper -
"Economic study of the Canadian Biotechnology industry" including use
of patents from Canadian IP Policy Directorate
- paper -
"Critical decisions upon receiving accusations of patent infringement"
by Robert Kann of Bromberg and Sunstein
- paper -
"Value relevance of nonfinancial information: the case of patent data"
by Mark Hirschey, Vernon Richardson, Susan Scholz of the University of
Kansas
- paper - "Providing notice of patent infringement while avoiding the risk of being
sued" by Jon Nelson and Binal ate of Banner Witcoff
- artcle -
"The use of intellectual property in raising capital"
by Thomas Peterson of Banner Witcoff, Jan. 1998
- paper - Does Venture Capital Spur Innovation? by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Dec 1998
- paper - Proofs and Prototypes for Sale: The Tale of University Licensing by Richard Jensen and Marie Thursby - NBER Paper Aug 1998
- paper - International Knowledge Flows: Evidence from Patent Citations by Adam B. Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Apr 1998
- paper - Contracts, Intellectual Property Rights, and Multinational Investment in Developing Countries by James R. Markusen - NBER Paper Mar 1998
- paper - A Model of Research, Patenting, and Technological Change by Samuel Kortum - NBER Paper Feb 1998
- paper - The Introduction of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in India: "Heartless Exploitation of the Poor and Suffering"? by Jean O. Lanjouw - NBER Paper Jan 1998
- paper - Capturing Technological Opportunity via Japan's Star Scientists: Evidence from Japanese Firms' Biotech Patents and Products by Lynne G. Zucker and Michael R. Darby - NBER Paper Jan 1998
- paper - Patent Buy-Outs: A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation by Michael Kremer - NBER Paper Dec 1997
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1997
- report - U.S. competitive advantage in intellectual property trade - ChemTech magazine, Sep 97, 48
- article - "Nonobviousness and the biotechnology industry:
a proposal for a doctrine of economic nonobviousness" by Karen Boyd -
Fall 1997 UC Berkeley Technology Law Jounral
- paper - "Pharm and biotech
patent litigation: economics, risks, problems, lessons" by Paul Heller,
Deborah Summer, Frederick Rein of Kenyon & Kenyon (PDF)
- paper - "Current issues in
damages in patent infringement cases" by George Badenoch of Kenyon &
Kenyon (PDF)
- paper - "Increased damages
based on willfulness, attorney's fees and prejudgment interest"
by George Badenoch of Kenyon & Kenyon (PDF)
- article -
"Performing an intellectual property audit of copyrights"
by David Hayes of Fenwick & West, March 1997
- paper -
"A politics of intellectual property: environmentalism for the Internet"
by Prof. James Boyle of Washington (DC) College of Law
- paper -
"Maximizing recovery in patent litigation: practical considerations for
Japanese businesses" by Frank Smith and Patrick Flinn of Alston & Bird
- paper -
"GATT/TRIPS, offers for sale, and interpretive problems" by Sarah
Barone Schwartz of Fliesler Dubb Meyer Lovejoy
- paper -
"Parallel imports - trademark and copyright considerations in worldwide
imports and exports: the United States"
by Mary Kevlin of Cowan Liebowitz Latman
- paper -
"Developing and realizing value from a patent portfolio"
by Bruce Sunstein of Bromberg and Sunstein
- paper - Stylized Facts of Patent Litigation: Value, Scope and Ownership by Jean O. Lanjouw and Mark Schankerman - NBER Paper Dec 1997
- paper - The Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights: A Survey of the Empirical Literature by Jean O. Lanjouw and Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Dec 1997
- paper - Stronger Protection or Technological Revolution: What is Behind the Recent Surge in Patenting? by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Sep 1997
- paper - The Objectives of the FDA's Office of Generic Drugs by Fiona Scott Morton - NBER Paper Aug 1997
- paper - Evidence from Patents and Patent Citations on the Impact of NASA and Other Federal Labs on Commercial Innovation by Adam B. Jaffe, Michael S. Fogarty and Bruce A. Banks - NBER Paper May 1997
- paper - "Generic Entry and the Pricing of Pharmaceuticals" by Richard G. Frank and David S. Salkever - NBER Paper May 1997
- paper - Trade in Ideas: Patenting and Productivity in the OECD by Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum - NBER Paper May 1997
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1996
- article - Don't mess with Meridian's patent [on
debit cards] - Incentive, July 1996, 64
- paper - How to Count Patents and Value Intellectual Property: Uses of Patent Renewal and Application by Jean O. Lanjouw, Ariel Pakes and Jonathan Putnam - NBER Paper Sep 1996
- paper - Flows of Knowledge from Universities and Federal Labs: Modeling the Flow of Patent Citations Over Time and Across Institutional and Geographic Boundaries by Adam B. Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Aug 1996
- paper - Preliminary Injunctive Relief: Theory and Evidence from Patent Litigation by Jean O. Lanjouw and Josh Lerner - NBER Paper Jul 1996
- paper - Patent Races, Product Standards, and International Competition by Richard A. Jensen and Marie Thursby - NBER Paper Mar 1996
1995
- paper -
"Longer patents for increased generic competition: the Waxman-Hatch Act
after one decade" by Henry Grabowski and John Vernon of Duke
University
- paper -
"Assessing a company's most valuable assets: conducting an IP audit"
by Baila Celedonna of Cowan Liebowitz Latman
- paper - Engines of Growth: Domestic and Foreign Sources of Innovation by Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum - NBER Paper Aug 1995
- paper - Product Development and the Timing of Information Disclosure under U.S.and Japanese Patent Systems by Reiko Aoki and Thomas J. Prusa - NBER Paper Mar 1995
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1994
- article -
"Getting insurance defense and coverage of intellectual property suits"
by Claude Stein of Fenwick & West, Fall 1994
- study -
"Corporate approaches to protecting intellectual property: implications
for US-Japan high technology competition" from the US National Academy
of Sciences
- paper - Demand for Post-Patent Prescription Pharmaceuticals by Judith K. Hellerstein - NBER Paper Dec 1994
- paper - International Patenting and Technology Diffusion by Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum - NBER Paper Nov 1994
- paper - Economic Consequences of a Changing Litigation Environment: The Case of Patents by Jean Olson Lanjouw - NBER Paper Aug 1994
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1993
- report -
"US companies' patent experiences in Japan" by US General Accounting
Office
- paper - Patent Protection: Of What Value and for How Long? by Jean Olson Lanjouw - NBER Paper Sep 1993
- paper - Pricing, Patent Loss and the Market For Pharmaceuticals by Richard G. Frank and David S. Salkever - NBER Paper Jun 1993
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1992
- paper - Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights by Elhanan Helpman - NBER Paper May 1992
- paper - Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations by Adam B. Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg and Rebecca Henderson - NBER Paper Feb 1992
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1991
- paper - R&D, Patents, and Market Value Revisited: Is There Evidence of A Second Technological Opportunity Related Factor? by Zvi Griliches, Bronwyn H. Hall and Ariel Pakes - NBER Paper Oct 1991
- paper - How Valuable is Patent Protection? Estimates By Technology Field Using Patent Renewal Data by Mark Schankerman - NBER Paper Jul 1991
- paper - Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey by Zvi Griliches - NBER Paper Feb 1991
- paper - Intellectual Property Rights and North-South Trade by Judith C. Chin and Gene M. Grossman - NBER Paper Jan 1991
1990
- ruling - Polaroid Corp v. Eastman Kodak -
CAFC decision explaining in great detail how to calculate patent infringement
royalties and penalties
- paper -
"Intellectual property law and the venture capital process" by Alexander
Silverman
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1980's
- 1987 -
"Secured financing and information property rights" by Raymond Nimmer
and Patricia Krauthaus
- 1986 - Patent Office mishandles information procurement - Forbes magazine, 22 Sept 1986, 14
- paper - Patents: Recent Trends and Puzzles by Zvi Griliches - NBER Paper Sep 1989
- paper - Patent Renewal Data by Ariel Pakes and Margaret Simpson - NBER Paper Sep 1989
- paper - Patents, Appropriate Technology, and North-South Trade by Ishac Diwan and Dani Rodrik - NBER Paper May 1989
- paper - Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence From Patent Records, 1790 - 1846 by Kenneth L. Sokoloff - NBER Paper Sep 1988
- paper - The Value of Patents as Indicators of Inventive Activity by Zvi Griliches, Ariel Pakes and Bronwyn H. Hall - NBER Paper Sep 1988
- paper - Industry Effects and Appropriability Measures in the Stock Markets Valuation of R&D and Patents by Iain Cockburn and Zvi Griliches - NBER Paper Dec 1987
- paper - Patents, Citations and Innovations: Tracing the Links by Manuel Trajtenberg - NBER Paper Dec 1987
- paper - Estimates of the Value of Patent Rights in European Countries During the Post-1950 Period by Mark Schankerman and Ariel Pakes - NBER Paper May 1987
- paper - Patents as Options: Some Estimates of the Value of Holding European Patent Stocks by Ariel Pakes - NBER Paper Nov 1986
- paper - Patents and R&D: Is There A Lag? by Bronwyn H. Hall, Zvi Griliches and Jerry A. Hausman - NBER Paper Oct 1986
- paper - Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from Firms' Patents, Profits and Market Value by Adam B. Jaffe - NBER Paper Jan 1986
- paper - Patents, R and D, and the Stock Market Rate of Return by Ariel Pakes - NBER Paper Jul 1985
- paper - Patents and R&D: Searching for a Lag Structure by Bronwyn H. Hall, Zvi Griliches and Jerry A. Hausman - NBER Paper Nov 1983
- paper - Long Run Trends in Patenting by John J. Beggs - NBER Paper Aug 1982
- paper - Who Does R&D and Who Patents? by John Bound, Clint Cummins, Zvi Griliches, Bronwyn H. Hall and Adam B. Jaffe - NBER Paper Jun 1982
- paper - Patents and R and D at the Firm Level: A First Look by Ariel Pakes and Zvi Griliches - NBER Paper Oct 1980
pre-1980's
- patent - an early, 1973, Canadian business method patent on accounting
systems
- letter - No Patents on Ideas - letter from Thomas Jefferson, Aug 1813
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